I. Kupu Whakataki
Ko ngā phospholipid he momo lipid he wāhanga nui o ngā kiriuhi pūtau. Nā tō rātou hanganga ahurei, he pane hydrophilic me ngā hiku hydrophobic e rua, ka taea e ngā phospholipid te hanga i tētahi hanganga paparanga rua, hei ārai e wehe ana i ngā ihirangi o roto o te pūtau mai i te taiao o waho. He mea nui tēnei tūranga hanganga mō te pupuri i te pono me te mahi a ngā pūtau i roto i ngā mea ora katoa.
He tukanga nui te tohu me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a ngā pūtau e āhei ai ngā pūtau ki te taunekeneke tetahi ki tetahi me tō rātou taiao, e āhei ai te tauhohenga taurite ki ngā momo whakaohooho. Ka taea e ngā pūtau te whakahaere i te tipu, te whanaketanga, me ngā mahi ā-tinana maha mā roto i ēnei tukanga. Ko ngā ara tohu pūtau e uru ana ki te tuku tohu, pērā i ngā homoni, i ngā neurotransmitters rānei, e kitea ana e ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi i runga i te kiriuhi pūtau, ka whakaoho i te raupapa o ngā kaupapa e arahi ana ki tētahi tauhohenga pūtau motuhake.
He mea nui te mārama ki te mahi a ngā phospholipids i roto i te tohu me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a ngā pūtau hei wetewete i ngā uauatanga o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whakarite a ngā pūtau i ā rātou mahi. He whānui ngā pānga o tēnei māramatanga ki ngā momo mara, tae atu ki te koiora pūtau, te rongoā, me te whanaketanga o ngā maimoatanga kua arotahihia mō ngā mate me ngā mate maha. Mā te ruku hohonu ki te taunekeneke uaua i waenga i ngā phospholipids me te tohu pūtau, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi māramatanga ki ngā tukanga matua e whakahaere ana i te whanonga me te mahi a ngā pūtau.
II. Hanganga o ngā Phospholipid
A. Whakaahuatanga o te Hanganga Phospholipid:
He ngota amphipatic ngā phospholipids, arā, he rohe hydrophilic (kume wai) me ngā rohe hydrophobic (ārai wai) ō rātou. Ko te hanganga taketake o te phospholipids he ngota glycerol e herea ana ki ngā mekameka waikawa ngako e rua me te rōpū upoko kei roto he phosphate. Ko ngā hiku hydrophobic, he mea tito mai i ngā mekameka waikawa ngako, e hanga ana i te roto o te apa lipid, ko ngā rōpū upoko hydrophilic ka taunekeneke ki te wai i runga i ngā mata o roto me waho o te membrane. Mā tēnei whakaritenga ahurei ka taea e ngā phospholipids te huihui i a rātou anō hei apa, me ngā hiku hydrophobic e anga ana ki roto, ā, ko ngā upoko hydrophilic e anga ana ki ngā taiao wai i roto, i waho hoki o te pūtau.
B. Te Tūranga o te Aparanga Phospholipid i roto i te Kiriuhi Pūtau:
Ko te paparanga rua phospholipid he wāhanga hanganga nui o te kiriuhi pūtau, e whakarato ana i tētahi ārai haurua-permeable e whakahaere ana i te rere o ngā matū ki roto, ki waho hoki i te pūtau. He mea nui tēnei permeability whiriwhiri mō te pupuri i te taiao o roto o te pūtau, ā, he mea nui hoki mō ngā tukanga pēnei i te tango matūkai, te tango para, me te tiaki i ngā kaihoko kino. Haunga tōna tūranga hanganga, he tūranga nui anō hoki tā te paparanga rua phospholipid i roto i te tohu me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pūtau.
Ko te tauira mosaic wai o te kiriuhi pūtau, i whakatakotoria e Singer rāua ko Nicolson i te tau 1972, e whakanui ana i te āhua hihiri me te rerekē o te kiriuhi, me ngā phospholipid e neke haere tonu ana me ngā momo pūmua e marara ana puta noa i te paparanga lipid. He mea nui tēnei hanganga hihiri ki te whakahaere i te tohu pūtau me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Kei roto i te paparanga phospholipid ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi, ngā hongere katote, me ētahi atu pūmua tohu, ā, he mea nui mō te mohio ki ngā tohu o waho me te tuku atu ki roto o te pūtau.
Heoi anō, ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā phospholipids, pērā i tōna rere me te kaha ki te hanga i ngā papa lipid, ka pā ki te whakaritenga me te mahi a ngā pūmua membrane e whai wāhi ana ki te tohu pūtau. Ko te whanonga hihiri o ngā phospholipids ka pā ki te wāhi me te mahi o ngā pūmua tohu, ā, ka pā ki te motuhaketanga me te whai huatanga o ngā ara tohu.
He pānga nui te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā phospholipid me te hanganga me te mahi a te kiriuhi pūtau mō ngā tukanga koiora maha, tae atu ki te homeostasis pūtau, te whanaketanga, me te mate. Ko te whakaurunga o te koiora phospholipid me te rangahau tohu pūtau kei te whakaatu tonu i ngā māramatanga nui ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pūtau, ā, he mea whakapūmau mō te whanaketanga o ngā rautaki rongoā auaha.
III. Te Tūranga o ngā Phospholipid i roto i te Whakapuakitanga Pūtau
A. Ngā Phospholipid hei Ngā Ngota Tohu
Ko ngā phospholipids, hei wāhanga nui o ngā kiriuhi pūtau, kua puta ake hei ngota tohu nui i roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pūtau. Ko ngā rōpū upoko hydrophilic o ngā phospholipids, inā koa ko ērā kei roto ko ngā inositol phosphates, he karere tuarua nui i roto i ngā ara tohu. Hei tauira, ko te phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) e mahi ana hei ngota tohu mā te wehea ki te inositol trisphosphate (IP3) me te diacylglycerol (DAG) hei whakautu ki ngā whakaohooho waho-pūtau. He mahi nui tā ēnei ngota tohu i ahu mai i te lipid ki te whakahaere i ngā taumata konupūmā roto-pūtau me te whakahohe i te protein kinase C, nā reira ka whakarerekē i ngā tukanga pūtau rerekē tae atu ki te tipu pūtau, te rerekētanga, me te hekenga.
Heoi anō, kua mōhiotia ngā phospholipids pērā i te waikawa phosphatidic (PA) me ngā lysophospholipids hei ngota tohu e awe tika ana i ngā urupare pūtau mā roto i ngā taunekeneke ki ngā whāinga pūmua motuhake. Hei tauira, he takawaenga matua a PA i roto i te tipu me te horapa o te pūtau mā te whakahohe i ngā pūmua tohu, i te mea kei roto te waikawa lysophosphatidic (LPA) i roto i te whakahaere i ngā mahi a te pūnaha pūtau, te oranga o te pūtau, me te hekenga. Ko ēnei mahi kanorau a ngā phospholipids e whakaatu ana i tō rātou hiranga ki te whakarite i ngā rerenga tohu uaua i roto i ngā pūtau.
B. Te Whai Wāhitanga o ngā Phospholipid ki ngā Ara Whakawhiti Tohu
Ko te whai wāhi o ngā phospholipids ki ngā ara whakawhiti tohu e whakaatuhia ana e tā rātou mahi nui ki te whakarerekē i te mahi a ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi e herea ana ki te membrane, inā koa ko ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi e honoa ana ki te pūmua G (GPCRs). Ina herea te ligand ki ngā GPCRs, ka whakahohehia te phospholipase C (PLC), ka arahi ki te hydrolysis o PIP2 me te whakaputanga o IP3 me DAG. Ka whakaoho te IP3 i te tukunga o te konupūmā mai i ngā toa pūtau-roto, ko te DAG ia ka whakahohe i te pūmua kinase C, ā, ka mutu ka whakahaere i te whakaaturanga ira, te tipu pūtau, me te tuku synaptic.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko ngā phosphoinositides, he momo phospholipids, he pae hononga mō ngā pūmua tohu e whai wāhi ana ki ngā momo ara, tae atu ki ērā e whakahaere ana i te hokohoko kiriuhi me te whanaketanga o te angaanga actin. Ko te taunekeneke hihiri i waenga i ngā phosphoinositides me ā rātou pūmua taunekeneke ka whai wāhi ki te whakahaere ā-wāhi me te ā-wā o ngā kaupapa tohu, ā, nā reira ka hangaia ngā urupare pūtau ki ngā whakaohooho o waho.
Ko te whai wāhi maha o ngā phospholipid ki ngā ara tohu pūtau me te whakawhiti tohu e whakaatu ana i tō rātou hiranga hei kaiwhakahaere matua o te homeostasis pūtau me te mahi.
IV. Ngā Phospholipid me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero ā-roto
A. Ngā Phospholipid i roto i te Tohu ā-roto-pūtau
Ko ngā phospholipid, he momo lipid kei roto he rōpū phosphate, he mahi nui tā rātou ki te tohu ā-roto, e whakahaere ana i ngā tukanga pūtau maha mā roto i tā rātou whai wāhi ki ngā rerenga tohu. Ko tētahi tauira nui ko te phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), he phospholipid kei roto i te kiriuhi plasma. Hei whakautu ki ngā whakaohooho ā-waho, ka wehea te PIP2 ki te inositol trisphosphate (IP3) me te diacylglycerol (DAG) e te whākōkī phospholipase C (PLC). Ka whakaoho te IP3 i te tukunga o te konupūmā mai i ngā toa ā-roto, ko te DAG ia ka whakahohe i te pūmua kinase C, ā, ka whakahaere i ngā mahi pūtau rerekē pērā i te tipu pūtau, te rerekētanga, me te whakaritenga anō o te angaanga pūtau.
Hei tāpiritanga, kua kitea ko ētahi atu phospholipids, tae atu ki te waikawa phosphatidic (PA) me ngā lysophospholipids, he mea nui ki te tohu ā-roto. Ka whai wāhi te PA ki te whakahaere i te tipu me te horapa o te pūtau mā te mahi hei whakahohe i ngā momo pūmua tohu. Kua mōhiotia te waikawa Lysophosphatidic (LPA) mō tōna whai wāhi ki te whakatikatika i te oranga o te pūtau, te hekenga, me ngā mahi a te pūtau. E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga i ngā mahi kanorau me te hiranga o ngā phospholipids hei ngota tohu i roto i te pūtau.
B. Te Taunekeneke o ngā Phospholipid ki ngā Pūmua me ngā Kaiwhakawhiwhi
Ka taunekeneke hoki ngā phospholipid me ngā momo pūmua me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi hei whakarerekē i ngā ara tohu pūtau. He mea nui, ko ngā phosphoinositides, he rōpū iti o ngā phospholipid, he tūāpapa mō te kimi me te whakahohe i ngā pūmua tohu. Hei tauira, ko te phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) he kaiwhakahaere nui mō te tipu me te horapa o ngā pūtau mā te kimi i ngā pūmua kei roto ngā rohe pleckstrin homology (PH) ki te membrane plasma, ā, ka tīmata i ngā kaupapa tohu o raro. Hei tāpiri, ko te hononga hihiri o ngā phospholipid me ngā pūmua tohu me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi ka taea te whakahaere tika i ngā kaupapa tohu i roto i te pūtau.
Ko ngā taunekeneke maha o ngā phospholipid me ngā pūmua me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi e whakaatu ana i tā rātou mahi nui i roto i te whakarerekētanga o ngā ara tohu ā-roto, ā, i te mutunga ka whai wāhi atu ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi pūtau.
V. Te Whakahaere i ngā Phospholipid i roto i te Tohu Pūtau
A. Ngā whākōkī me ngā ara e whai wāhi ana ki te pākia o te phospholipid
Ka whakahaeretia ngā phospholipid mā roto i tētahi whatunga uaua o ngā whākōkī me ngā ara, e pā ana ki tō rātou nui me te mahi i roto i te tohu pūtau. Ko tētahi o aua ara ko te hanga me te hurihanga o te phosphatidylinositol (PI) me ōna hua kua whakapūtāhia, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā phosphoinositides. Ko ngā Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases me ngā phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases he whākōkī e whakakorikori ana i te phosphorylation o PI i ngā tūranga D4 me D5, e whakaputa ana i te phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) me te phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā phosphatases, pērā i te phosphatase me te tensin homolog (PTEN), ka tango i te phosphorylation o ngā phosphoinositides, e whakahaere ana i ō rātou taumata me te pānga ki te tohu pūtau.
Hei tāpiri atu, ko te hanganga hou o ngā phospholipids, inā koa ko te waikawa phosphatidic (PA), ka ārahihia e ngā whākōkī pēnei i te phospholipase D me te diacylglycerol kinase, ā, ko tō rātou whakahoro ka whakaterea e ngā phospholipases, tae atu ki te phospholipase A2 me te phospholipase C. Ka whakahaere ngātahi ēnei mahi whākōkī i ngā taumata o ngā takawaenga lipid bioactive, ka pā ki ngā tukanga tohu pūtau me te whai wāhi ki te pupuri i te homeostasis pūtau.
B. Te Pānga o te Whakahaere Phospholipid ki ngā Tukanga Tohu Pūtau
He pānga nui tō te whakahaere i ngā phospholipids ki ngā tukanga tohu pūtau mā te whakarerekē i ngā mahi a ngā ngota tohu me ngā ara tohu nui. Hei tauira, ko te hurihanga o te PIP2 e te phospholipase C ka whakaputa i te inositol trisphosphate (IP3) me te diacylglycerol (DAG), ka arahi ki te tukunga o te konupūmā ā-roto me te whakahohenga o te pūmua kinase C. Ka pā tēnei rerenga tohu ki ngā urupare pūtau pēnei i te neurotransmission, te whakahekenga uaua, me te whakahohenga o ngā pūtau ārai mate.
Heoi anō, ko ngā panonitanga o ngā taumata o ngā phosphoinositides ka pā ki te kimi me te whakahohenga o ngā pūmua whaihua kei roto ngā rohe here-ngako, ka pā ki ngā tukanga pēnei i te endocytosis, ngā hihiri cytoskeletal, me te hekenga pūtau. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakahaere i ngā taumata PA e ngā phospholipases me ngā phosphatases ka pā ki te hokohoko membrane, te tipu pūtau, me ngā ara tohu ngako.
Ko te taunekeneke i waenga i te pākia o te phospholipid me te tohu pūtau e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te whakahaere phospholipid ki te pupuri i te mahi pūtau me te urupare ki ngā whakaohooho o waho o te pūtau.
VI. Whakamutunga
A. Whakarāpopototanga o ngā Tūranga Matua o ngā Phospholipid i roto i te Tohu me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero a te Pūtau
Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mahi nui tā ngā phospholipids ki te whakarite i ngā tukanga tohu pūtau me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā pūnaha koiora. Nā te rerekētanga o te hanganga me te mahi ka taea e rātou te mahi hei kaiwhakahaere maha o ngā urupare pūtau, tae atu ki:
Te Whakahaere o te Kiriuhi:
Ko ngā phospholipid te poraka hanga matua o ngā kiriuhi pūtau, e whakatū ana i te anga hanganga mō te wehewehe i ngā wāhanga pūtau me te taunga o ngā pūmua tohu. Ko tō rātou kaha ki te whakaputa i ngā rohe moroiti lipid, pērā i ngā raft lipid, ka pā ki te whakaritenga ā-wāhi o ngā matatini tohu me ā rātou taunekeneke, ka pā ki te motuhaketanga me te whai huatanga o te tohu.
Te Whakawhiti Tohu:
Ko ngā phospholipids te takawaenga matua i roto i te whakawhiti i ngā tohu o waho o te pūtau ki ngā urupare o roto o te pūtau. Ko ngā phosphoinositides te ngota tohu, e whakarerekē ana i ngā mahi a ngā pūmua whai hua rerekē, ko ngā waikawa ngako kore utu me ngā lysophospholipids te kaikawe kōrero tuarua, e awe ana i te whakahohenga o ngā rerenga tohu me te whakaaturanga ira.
Te Whakarerekētanga Tohu Pūtau:
Ka whai wāhi ngā phospholipids ki te whakahaere i ngā ara tohu kanorau, ka whakahaere i ngā tukanga pēnei i te tipu pūtau, te rerekētanga, te apoptosis, me ngā urupare ārai mate. Ko tā rātou whai wāhi ki te whakaputa i ngā takawaenga lipid bioactive, tae atu ki ngā eicosanoids me ngā sphingolipids, e whakaatu ana i tō rātou pānga ki ngā whatunga tohu mumura, metabolic, me te apoptotic.
Te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero i waenga i ngā Pūtau:
Ka whai wāhi atu hoki ngā phospholipid ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā pūtau mā te tukunga o ngā takawaenga lipid, pērā i ngā prostaglandin me ngā leukotrienes, e whakarerekē ana i ngā mahi a ngā pūtau me ngā kiko tata, e whakahaere ana i te mumura, te kite mamae, me te mahi a ngā oko toto.
Ko te maha o ngā āhuatanga o ngā phospholipids ki te tohu me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pūtau e whakaatu ana i tō rātou hiranga ki te pupuri i te homeostasis pūtau me te whakarite i ngā urupare ā-tinana.
B. Ngā Aronga ā-Mārama mō te Rangahau mō ngā Phospholipid i roto i te Tohu Pūtau
I te mea kei te huraina tonutia ngā mahi uaua a ngā phospholipid i roto i te tohu pūtau, ka puta ake ētahi huarahi whakahihiri mō ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei, tae atu ki:
Ngā Huarahi Whakawhitiwhiti Mātauranga:
Mā te whakaurunga o ngā tikanga tātari matatau, pērā i te lipidomics, ki te koiora ngota me te pūtau ka whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā whanaketanga ā-wāhi me te wā o ngā phospholipids i roto i ngā tukanga tohu. Mā te tūhura i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i te pākia o te lipid, te hokohoko membrane, me te tohu pūtau ka huraina ngā tikanga whakahaere hou me ngā whāinga rongoā.
Ngā Tirohanga Pūnaha Koiora:
Mā te whakamahi i ngā huarahi koiora pūnaha, tae atu ki te whakatauira pāngarau me te tātari whatunga, ka taea te whakamārama i te pānga ā-ao o ngā phospholipids ki ngā whatunga tohu pūtau. Mā te whakatauira i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā phospholipids, ngā whākōkī, me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi tohu ka whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga puta me ngā tikanga urupare e whakahaere ana i te whakahaere ara tohu.
Ngā Pānga Hauora:
Mā te rangahau i te koretake o ngā phospholipids i roto i ngā mate, pērā i te mate pukupuku, ngā mate neurodegenerative, me ngā mate metabolic, ka puta he whai wāhitanga ki te whakawhanake i ngā maimoatanga kua tohua. Mā te mārama ki ngā mahi a ngā phospholipids i roto i te whanaketanga o te mate me te tautuhi i ngā rautaki hou hei whakarerekē i ā rātou mahi ka whai hua mō ngā huarahi rongoā tika.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te whānui haere tonu o te mōhiotanga mō ngā phospholipids me tō rātou whai wāhi uaua ki te tohu me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pūtau he rohe whakamīharo mō te tūhura tonu me te pānga whakamaori pea i roto i ngā mara kanorau o te rangahau koiora.
Ngā Tohutoro:
Balla, T. (2013). Ngā Phosphoinositides: ngā ngako iti me te pānga nui ki te whakahaere pūtau. Physiological Reviews, 93(3), 1019-1137.
Di Paolo, G., & De Camilli, P. (2006). Ngā Phosphoinositides i roto i te whakahaere pūtau me te hihiri o te membrane. Nature, 443(7112), 651-657.
Kooijman, EE, & Testerink, C. (2010). Waikawa Phosphatidic: he kaitākaro matua hou i roto i te tohu pūtau. Trends in Plant Science, 15(6), 213-220.
Hilgemann, DW, & Ball, R. (1996). Te whakahaere i ngā hongere Na(+), H(+)-whakawhitinga ngākau me te pāhare pākawa K(ATP) e PIP2. Science, 273(5277), 956-959.
Kaksonen, M., & Roux, A. (2018). Ngā tikanga o te endocytosis e whakahaerehia ana e te clathrin. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 19(5), 313-326.
Balla, T. (2013). Ngā Phosphoinositides: ngā ngako iti me te pānga nui ki te whakahaere pūtau. Physiological Reviews, 93(3), 1019-1137.
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Koiora Ngota o te Pūtau (putanga 6). Pūtaiao Garland.
Simons, K., & Vaz, WL (2004). Ngā pūnaha tauira, ngā raft lipid, me ngā kiriuhi pūtau. Arotake ā-Tau o te Biophysics me te Hanganga Biomolecular, 33, 269-295.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-29-2023
